1945-2020.蘇聯紅軍解放奧斯維辛集中營75週年紀念 ...blog.udn.com › ...－挨肩擦臉

奧斯維辛集中營在1945年1月27日由蘇聯紅軍解放。

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Auschwitz, Poland, Three SS officers socialize on the grounds of the SS retreat outside of Auschwitz, at “Solahütte”, 1944. From left to right they are: Richard Baer (Commandant of Auschwitz), Dr. Josef Mengele and Rudolf Hoess (the former Auschwitz Commandant).

根據納粹黨的黨衛軍首領海因里希·希姆萊的個人命令，魯道夫·霍斯被任命從1940年至1943年擔任奧斯維辛集中營指揮官。1941年夏季通過「猶太問題的最後決定「。霍斯用各種死亡方法對人進行了試驗，最後用的是齊克隆B。奧斯維辛集中營在五年內總共死了一百多萬人。

賴涅爾說，在家裡爺爺不像個怪物，像一個好戰士和監獄的好獄長。但是隨著時間推移這個「好戰士「的畫面也發生了變化。

賴涅爾說：「因此對我而言我的爺爺遇到戰爭一點也不意外，因為就像俄羅斯、英國及其它國家的所有人一樣。我更難承認的是我的爺爺是當時歐洲最大的死亡集中營——奧斯維辛集中營的指揮官。因為奧斯維辛集中營發生的一切賴涅爾說他永遠無法原諒自己的爺爺

奧斯威辛集中營（德語：Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau，

「奧斯威辛的德語名稱），是納粹德國時期建立最主要的集中營和滅絕營，位於波蘭南部、全國第二大城市克拉科夫西南60公里的小城奧斯威辛。

奧斯維辛集中營於1940年4月27日，由納粹德國親衛隊領導人希姆萊下令建造。1942年1月20日舉行的萬湖會議通過「最終解決方案」，透過滅絕營實行有系統的猶太人大屠殺行動，估計約有110萬人在奧斯維辛集中營被殺。

奧斯維辛集中營共有3個主要營區，分別是奧斯威辛（一號營區）、比克瑙（二號營區）、莫諾維茨（三號營區）和39個小型的營地或工廠，最主要的目的是進行殺害猶太人或是對其收容者進行極為嚴苛的工作、集體處決或是進行不人道的人體實驗。

奧斯維辛集中營在1945年1月27日由蘇聯紅軍解放。1947年，波蘭國會立法將此改為紀念納粹大屠殺的博物館，即奧施維茨－比克瑙國家博物館（波蘭語：Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu），以做為第二次世界大戰中納粹德國統治期間，犯下惡名昭彰罪行的歷史見證。1979年，聯合國教科文組織將奧斯維辛集中營列入世界文化遺產。2007年，聯合國教科文組織把集中營命名為「奧施維茨－比克瑙德國納粹集中和滅絕營（1940-1945年）」

一號營：奧斯威辛集中營：最先建立的集中營，是整個奧斯威辛地區集中營的最主要的管理行政中心。這裡殺害了波蘭境內知識分子、蘇軍戰俘和德國境內同性戀者及罪犯。

二號營：比克瑙集中營：1941年10月開始興建，比克瑙是最主要的「滅絕營」，佔地面積為175公頃，納粹修建了300座木排房。由於火車可以直接停留在比克瑙集中營，故此也成為收容人篩選地。設有行刑場及毒氣室，可進行大規模屠殺

Auschwitz outerwear distinguish yellow Star of David.Auschwitz outerwear distinguish yellow Star of David.

猶太人罪犯的囚衣帶上黃顏色的大衛之星標幟,意謂德國納粹黨人的話,猶太人是黃種人骯髒的豬.因為猶太人的宗教戒令不食豬肉,希特勒痛恨猶太人將他們比喻為豬宰殺.

焚化爐處決人犯

The Auschwitz concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps.^[3] The camps became a major site of the Nazis Final Solution to the Jewish Question.

After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners.^] The first inmates, German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries, established the camps reputation for sadism, beating, torturing, and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons. The first gassings—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941. Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million died. The death toll includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Roma, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 other Europeans.^5] Those not gassed died of starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during medical experiments.

At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. Only 789 staff (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial;^[] several, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allies failure to act on early reports of atrocities in the camp by bombing it or its railways remains controversial.

As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camps population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops entered the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947 Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.